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Origins of the Six-Day War
The Origins of the Six-Day War, which was fought between June 5 and June 10, 1967, by Israel and the neighboring states of Egypt (known then as the United Arab Republic ()), Jordan, and Syria, lay in both longer term and immediate issues. The foundation of Israel linked to the Palestinian Refugee problem and its participation in the invasion of Egypt during the Suez crisis of 1956 continued to be a significant grievance for the Arab world. Arab nationalists, led by Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser, continued to be hostile to Israel's existence. By the mid-1960s, relations between Israel and its Arab neighbors had deteriorated to the extent that a number of border clashes had taken place. In April 1967 Israel's army and air force attacked Syria, in response to Syrian shooting towards an Israeli tractor ploughing in the DMZ. In May 1967, Egypt expelled UN peacekeepers stationed in the Sinai Peninsula since the Suez conflict, and announced a partial blockade of Israel's access to the Red Sea. Israel claimed this as a casus belli. Tension escalated, with both sides' armies mobilising. Less than a month later, Israel launched a surprise strike which began the Six-Day War.
The conventional view and memoirs of key Israelis are that Israel's actions leading into the war were prudent and the blame for the war rested on Egypt. Scholarly studies paint a less one-sided picture. According to these studies a complicated process of unwanted escalation, which all sides wanted to prevent, but for which all were ultimately responsible, led up to the crisis. On 23 May 1967, Nasser blockaded the Straits of Tiran from Israeli vessel passage, despite knowing it might very likely provide Israel with the trigger it needed to launch a war.〔Defending the Holy Land: A Critical Analysis of Israel's Security & Foreign Policy, by Zeev Maoz (p. 83, 111)〕〔 Nasser's decisions to ask for the removal of UNEF from Sinai and to block the Gulf of Aqaba to Israeli shipping, are commonly accepted as the point where war became inevitable.〔〔 Many commentators consider the war as the classic case of anticipatory attack in self-defense.〔〔
==Summary of events leading to war==
After the 1956 Suez Crisis, Egypt agreed to the stationing of a United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) in the Sinai to ensure all parties would comply with the 1949 Armistice Agreements.〔.〕〔Sachar 2007, pp. 504, 507–8.〕 Despite the overwhelming support for Resolution 1000 in the UN General Assembly, Israel refused to allow UNEF forces onto its territory.〔http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/od-bdo/di-ri-eng.asp?IntlOpId=273&CdnOpId=427〕 In the following years, there were numerous minor border clashes between Israel and its Arab neighbors, particularly Syria. In early November, 1966, Syria signed a mutual defense agreement with Egypt.〔Some sources date the agreement to November 4, others to November 7. Most sources simply say "November". Gawrych (2000) p. 5.〕 On November 13, 1966, in response to PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization) guerrilla activity,〔Schiff, Zeev, History of the Israeli Army, Straight Arrow Books (1974) p. 145.〕〔Churchill & Churchill, The Six Day War, Houghton Mifflin Company (1967) p. 21.〕 including a mine attack that left three dead,〔Pollack, Kenneth, Arabs at war: military effectiveness 1948-1991, University of Nebraska Press (2002), p. 290.〕 the Israeli Defence Force (IDF) attacked the village of as-Samu in the Jordanian-occupied West Bank.〔Segev, 2007, pp. 149–52.〕 Jordanian units that engaged the Israelis were quickly beaten back.〔Hart, 1989 p. 226.〕 King Hussein of Jordan criticized Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser for failing to come to Jordan's aid, and "hiding behind UNEF skirts".〔Oren 2002/2003, p. 312.〕〔Burrowes & Douglas 1972, pp. 224–25.〕 Israel was censured for this invasion in United Nations Security Council Resolution 228, being reproached by the US, the UK, France and the USSR.〔http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19661117&id=TcQtAAAAIBAJ&sjid=1J8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=3947,3583635〕 On April 7, 1967 Israel invaded Syria.〔Gluska, Ami. "The Israeli Military and the 1967 War", Routledge, 2007, pp. 98–99.〕 The USSR urged that the collective defense agreement with Egypt had been triggered.〔Govrin, Yosef. Israeli-Soviet relations, 1953-67 : from confrontation to disruption /. 1st ed. Portland: Frank Cass, 1998.Pages 3-58, 221-324〕 In May 1967, Nasser received false reports from the Soviet Union that Israel was massing on the Syrian border.
Nasser began massing his troops in the Sinai Peninsula on Israel's border (May 16), expelled the UNEF force from Gaza and Sinai (May 19) and took up UNEF positions at Sharm el-Sheikh, overlooking the Straits of Tiran.〔Shlaim (2007) p. 238.〕〔Mutawi (2007) p. 93.〕 Israel reiterated declarations made in 1957 that any closure of the Straits would be considered an act of war, or justification for war.〔Cohen, Raymond. (1988), p. 12.〕 Nasser declared the Straits closed to Israeli shipping on May 22–23. On May 30, Jordan and Egypt signed a defense pact. The following day, at Jordan's invitation, the Iraqi army began deploying troops and armored units in Jordan.〔Churchill pp. 52, 77.〕 They were later reinforced by an Egyptian contingent. On June 1, Israel formed a National Unity Government by widening its cabinet, and on June 4 the decision was made to go to war. The next morning, Israel launched Operation Focus, a large-scale surprise air strike that launched the Six-Day War.
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